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- <text id=93CT1753>
- <title>
- Laos--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southeast Asia
- Laos
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> The first recorded history of the Lao begins with King Fa
- Ngum, by legend the 23rd successor of Khoun Lo, who first
- united Laos in 1353. He established his capital at Luang Prabang
- and ruled a kingdom called Lan Xang (literally, "million
- elephants") that covered much of present-day Thailand and Laos.
- He also established Buddhism as the state religion.
- </p>
- <p> In the 16th century, Lan Xang entered a period of decline
- caused by dynastic struggles and conflicts with Burma, Siam (now
- Thailand), Vietnam, and the Khmer Kingdom. By the 18th Century,
- the Siamese and Vietnamese kingdoms were competing for control
- of Laos.
- </p>
- <p> In the 19th century, the Siamese dominated much of what is
- now Laos and divided it into principalities centered on Luang
- Prabang, Vientiane, and Champassak. Late in the century, they
- were supplanted by the French, who already controlled present
- day Vietnam. In 1899, France established protectorates and
- direct rule over all of the principalities, and Laos became
- part of French Indochina. The Franco Siamese treaty of 1907
- defined the present Lao boundary with Thailand.
- </p>
- <p> During World War II, the Japanese occupied French Indochina
- and extended their control over Laos. They induced King Sisavang
- Vong of Luang Prabang to declare his independence from France
- in 1945, just before Japan's surrender. In September 1945,
- Vientiane and Champassak united with Luang Prabang to form the
- new Kingdom of Laos. The King was overthrown shortly afterward
- by the Free Lao (Lao Issara) anti-French government, but in
- April 1946 he was enthroned as a constitutional monarch after
- accepting the Lao Issara constitution. French troops reoccupied
- Vientiane and Luang Prabang in May and, in August 1946,
- recognized Lao autonomy after elections to a constituent
- assembly. A new constitution took effect in 1947.
- </p>
- <p> France formally recognized the independence of Laos within
- the French Union on July 19, 1949, and Laos remained a member of
- the French Union until 1953. From 1954 until 1957, pro Western
- governments held power. The first coalition government, the
- Government of National Union, led by Souvanna Phouma, was formed
- in 1957, but it collapsed in 1958 with the imprisonment of
- Prince Souphanouvong and other LPF leaders by the government. A
- pro Western regime took over the Royal Lao Government. The LPF
- insurgency resumed after 1959, when Souphanouvong and other
- leaders escaped from prison.
- </p>
- <p> In 1960, Kong Le, a paratroop captain, seized Vientiane in a
- coup and demanded formation of a neutralist government to end
- the fighting. Kong Le and the neutralist government, again under
- Souvanna Phouma, were driven from Vientiane later in the year
- by rightist forces under General Phoumi Nosovan and then formed
- an alliance with the LPF. By early 1961, the LPF, with North
- Vietnamese military support, threatened to take over the entire
- country. US military advisers and supplies were sent to aid the
- Royal Army.
- </p>
- <p> A 14-country conference convened in Geneva to address the
- issue of Laos reached an agreement in 1962 that provided
- international guarantees for the independence and neutrality of
- Laos. But the LPF ceased cooperating with the government in
- 1964, and fighting intensified against the neutralists and
- rightists.
- </p>
- <p> In 1972, the Lao communists publicly proclaimed the existence
- of the Lao Peoples's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). A new
- coalition, with Communist participation, and a cease-fire were
- arranged in 1973, but the political struggle between the
- communists, neutralists, and rightists continued. The collapse
- of Saigon and Phnom Penh in April 1975 hastened the decline of
- the coalition. On December 2, 1975, the monarchy was abolished
- and the communist Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR) was
- established.
- </p>
- <p> The new government opted for socialism, with centralized
- economic decision making and broad security measures, including
- the control of media and the arrest and incarceration of
- thousands of members of the previous government and military in
- remote prison camps called "re-education camps." The government,
- in cooperation with Vietnamese forces in Laos, also launched a
- military campaign intended to control dissidents, notably Hmong
- tribespeople who had long resisted Vietnamese and Lao communists
- from their mountain redoubts.
- </p>
- <p> This military campaign, along with deteriorating economic
- conditions and government attempts to enforce political control,
- prompted an exodus of lowland Lao and Hmong tribespeople in the
- early years of LPDR rule. About 10% of the Lao population sought
- refugee status after 1975. Many have since been resettled in
- third countries, including 185,000 who have come to the United
- States. An estimated 65,000 refugees remain in Thailand, though
- 7,000 returned voluntarily to Laos in recent years.
- </p>
- <p> In the late 1980's, the government closed most re-education
- camps and released most political prisoners, though reports
- indicate that at least 34 high officials from the former
- government remain in custody.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, May
- 1986.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-